abstract：:Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a ubiquitous atmospheric pollutant due to the widespread prevalence of both natural and anthropogenic sources, and it can be a respiratory irritant when inhaled at elevated concentrations. Evidence for health effects of ambient NO2 derives from three types of studies: observational epidemiolo...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hesterberg TW,Bunn WB,McClellan RO,Hamade AK,Long CM,Valberg PA

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The potential carcinogenicity of beryllium has been a topic of study since the mid-1940s. Since then, numerous scientific and regulatory bodies have assigned beryllium to various categories with respect to its carcinogenicity. Past epidemiologic and animal studies, however, have been marked with notable methodological...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hollins DM,McKinley MA,Williams C,Wiman A,Fillos D,Chapman PS,Madl AK

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Due to the rapid development of a diverse array of nanoparticles, used in a wide variety of products, there are now many international activities to assess the potential toxicity of these materials. These particles are developed due to properties such as catalytic reactivity, high surface area, light emission properti...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Stone V,Johnston H,Schins RP

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dr. Edward Calabrese asserts that hormetic responses occur in neural systems, and provides ample review of evidence to support this claim. In this essay, we survey Dr. Calabrese's findings, illustrate the somewhat provocative premise of hormesis, and posit that while evidence suggests that amplification of low-dose ef...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Giordano J,Ives JA,Jonas WB

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores the occurrence of U-shaped dose responses induced by neuroprotective agents in animal stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) screening/preclinical studies. The assessment was stimulated by suggestions that U-shaped dose responses may be common for neuroprotective agents in stroke and TBI models,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article is a comprehensive assessment of the quantitative features of the dose response for neuroprotective agents and their underlying mechanistic foundations. The data were derived from published studies using numerous primary neuronal cell cultures and neuronal cell lines. These biological models assessed norm...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The IPCS Human Relevance Framework was evaluated for a DNA-reactive (genotoxic) carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, based on a wealth of data in animals and humans. The mode of action involves metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation, followed by N-esterification leading to the formation of a reactive electrophile, which bind...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cohen SM,Boobis AR,Meek ME,Preston RJ,McGregor DB

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2004) recently reevaluated the epidemiological data on formaldehyde and concluded that there was "strong but not sufficient evidence for a causal association between leukaemia and occupational exposure to formaldehyde." This conclusion was tempered since a mechani...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Golden R,Pyatt D,Shields PG

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aniline (in the form of its hydrochloride) has been shown to induce a rather rare spectrum of tumors in the spleen of Fischer 344 rats. The dose levels necessary for this carcinogenic activity were in a range where also massive effects on the blood and non-neoplastic splenotoxicity as a consequence of methemoglobinemi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bomhard EM,Herbold BA

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Valproic acid (VPA) has long been known to cause spina bifida, a neural tube defect, and other effects in fetuses of women treated with this drug. Toxicological tests in laboratory mice and rats at human therapeutic doses also show neural tube and other defects. Studies show that VPA alters Wnt signaling in human and ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wiltse J

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rare adverse reactions to drugs that are of unknown etiology, or idiosyncratic reactions, can produce severe medical complications or even death in patients. Current hypotheses suggest that metabolic activation of a drug to a reactive intermediate is a necessary, yet insufficient, step in the generation of an idiosync...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Walgren JL,Mitchell MD,Thompson DC

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article provides a detailed assessment of the toxicological and pharmacological literature concerning alcohol-induced biphasic dose-response relationships. The assessment reveals that alcohol-induced hormetic-like dose-response relationships are commonly observed, highly generalizeable according to model and endp...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ,Baldwin LA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carrageenan is a high-molecular-weight, strongly anionic polymer derived from several species of red seaweed that is used for the textural stabilization of foods. Processed Eucheuma Seaweed (PES) is a form of carrageenan with a higher cellulose content. Food-grade carrageenan has a weight average molecular weight grea...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cohen SM,Ito N

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the first half of the twentieth century epidemiologic evidence linked elevated incidences of pulmonary fibrosis and cancer with inhalation of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos, a family of naturally occurring inorganic fibrous materials. As the serpentine and amphibole forms of asbestos were phased out, synthetic...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Warheit DB,Hart GA,Hesterberg TW,Collins JJ,Dyer WM,Swaen GM,Castranova V,Soiefer AI,Kennedy GL Jr

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article characterizes the occurrence of biphasic dose responses by adenosine and its stable analogs in numerous systems, including the respiratory tract, kidney, cardiovascular system, and brain. Considerable mechanistic research on various systems explored and clarified the interactions of the A-1 and A-2 recept...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency was given a mandate by Congress to develop a screening program that would evaluate whether variously identified compounds could affect human health by mimicking or interfering with normal endocrine regulatory functions. Toward this end, the Agency chartered the Endocrine...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Goldman JM,Laws SC,Balchak SK,Cooper RL,Kavlock RJ

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hydroquinone (HQ) is a high-volume commodity chemical used as a reducing agent, antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor, and chemical intermediate. It is also used in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs as an ingredient in skin lighteners and is a natural ingredient in many plant-derived products, including vegetables, fruits,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： DeCaprio AP

更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposure biomarkers, which have long been restricted to the framework of occupational hygiene, currently arouse increasing interest in the field of environmental pollution. To assess their validity, we propose here a conceptual framework that is based on their intrinsic characteristics and on properties related to the...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Dor F,Dab W,Empereur-Bissonnet P,Zmirou D

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, an overview is presented of the current knowledge of genetic polymorphisms of four of the most important enzyme families involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, that is, the N-acetyltransferase (NAT), cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) enz...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wormhoudt LW,Commandeur JN,Vermeulen NP

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peroxisome proliferators are a structurally diverse group of compounds that include the fibrate hypolipidemic drugs, the phthalate ester industrial plasticizers, the phenoxy acid herbicides, and the anti-wetting corrosion inhibitors perfluorinated straight-chain monocarboxylic fatty acids. Administration of these chem...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Youssef J,Badr M

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacterial systems have long been of use in toxicology. In addition to providing general models of enzymes and paradigms for biochemistry and molecular biology, they have been adapted to practical genotoxicity assays. More recently, bacteria also have been used in the production of mammalian enzymes of relevance to tox...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Guengerich FP,Gillam EM,Shimada T

更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Globally, oral cancer is one of the ten common cancers. In some parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, oral cancer is a major cancer problem. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for oral cancer. The most common form of tobacco use, cigarette smoking, demonstrates a very high relative risk--in...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Gupta PC,Murti PR,Bhonsle RB

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past 30 years, thousands of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been published for all sorts of chemicals acting on many forms of life or parts thereof (DNA, enzymes, organelles, etc.). Very little effort has been made to show the relationship among these equations. In this report, we ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hansch C,Telzer BR,Zhang L

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although benzene is best known as a compound that causes bone marrow depression leading to aplastic anemia in animals and humans, it also induces acute myelogenous leukemia in humans. The epidemiological evidence for leukemogenesis in humans is contrasted with the results of animal bioassays. This review focuses on se...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Snyder R,Kalf GF

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chemical DNA interaction and its processing can now be studied at the level of specific genomic regions. Such investigations have revealed important new information about the molecular biology of the cellular responses to genomic insult and especially of the repair processes. They also have demonstrated that both the ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wassermann K

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Styrene is metabolized to styrene oxide, a direct-acting mutagen and carcinogen. Styrene oxide reacts with DNA mainly at the N-7 position in guanine, but also at other sites and with other bases. Substitution occurs at both the alpha- and beta-positions of the styrene molecule. Experiments with radiolabeled styrene an...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Phillips DH,Farmer PB

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cellular stress response protects organisms from damage resulting from exposure to a wide variety of stressors, including elevated temperatures, ultraviolet (UV) light, trace metals, and xenobiotics. The stress response entails the rapid synthesis of a suite of proteins referred to as stress proteins, or heat-shoc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Sanders BM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The weight of the evidence from metabolic studies, short-term tests, animal bioassays, and epidemiological studies indicates that cyclamate (CHS) is not carcinogenic by itself; however, there is evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies in animals that implies it may have cancer-promoting or cocarcinogenic activity. ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Ahmed FE,Thomas DB

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The insecticide diflubenzuron (DFB) is commonly used in various mid-Atlantic states for suppression of gypsy moths in hardwood forests. DFB is potentially toxic to nontarget biota because it can enter aquatic systems through aerial application or runoff after precipitation events. Based on this concern, the objectives...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Fischer SA,Hall LW Jr

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hare L

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last few decades, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of proteinuria. A great variety of hemodynamic or biochemical mechanisms acting at different sites of the nephron have been shown to alter the renal handling and the urinary excretion of proteins....

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bernard A,Lauwerys RR

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroexcitatory symptoms of acute poisoning of vertebrates by pyrethroids are related to the ability of these insecticides to modify electrical activity in various parts of the nervous system. Repetitive nerve activity, particularly in the sensory nervous system, membrane depolarization, and enhanced neurotransmitter ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Vijverberg HP,van den Bercken J

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two important challenges for inhalation toxicologists involve the elucidation of mechanisms of lung toxicity caused by inhalation of chemicals or particulate materials, as well as the extrapolation of animal data to humans. Because risk estimates of toxicity generally are dependent upon experimental data for which a v...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Warheit DB

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aerobic organisms by definition require oxygen, and the importance of iron in aerobic respiration has long been recognized, but despite their beneficial roles, these elements can pose a real threat to the organism. During oxygen reduction, reactive species such as O2-. and H2O2 are formed readily. Iron can combine wit...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Horton AA,Fairhurst S

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Histamine poisoning can result from the ingestion of food containing unusually high levels of histamine. Fish are most commonly involved in incidents of histamine poisoning, although cheese has also been implicated on occasion. The historic involvement of tuna and mackerel in histamine poisoning led to the longtime us...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Taylor SL

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the late 1960s the artificial sweetener cyclamate was implicated as a bladder carcinogen in rats. This finding and other concerns about its safety ultimately led to a ban on cyclamate in the U.S. and restrictions on its use in many other countries. Since that time, the carcinogenic potential of cyclamate and cycloh...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bopp BA,Sonders RC,Kesterson JW

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mycotoxin problems are one of great concern to health scientists. Toxic fungal metabolites such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and others are contaminated in our environments and induce various diseases. In this manuscript, the author will summarize the recent advances on toxicology of mycotoxins in specia...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Ueno Y

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The heme biosynthetic pathway is closely controlled by levels of the end product of the pathway, namely, heme, and porphyrins are normally formed in only trace amounts. When control mechanisms are disturbed by xenobiotics, porphyrins accumulate and serve as a signal of the interaction between a xenobiotic and the heme...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Marks GS

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Examination of the eye in experiments designed to test the toxicity of drugs or chemicals is of considerable importance and the investigator must have a clear idea of the spontaneous eye changes he can expect in the test species. We have attempted to review the literature relating to commonly used laboratory animals--...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Taradach C,Greaves P

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pharmacokinetic basis for the design of toxicity tests is discussed with reference to the absorption and clearance of drugs. The absorption and clearance of a wide range of drugs by laboratory animals and man has been examined and reviewed to provide a firm basis against which new drugs can be compared. Some pitfa...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Clark B,Smith DA

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00